Learning Objectives

Know that the Threshold potential is the charged needed to set off an Action potential
- Be able to calculate the EPSP required for an AP
Summation
- know the difference between Spatial (by location) and temporal (duration) summation are
- categorize example as spatial or temporal
- given multiple stimuli (EPSPs / IPSPs) be able to determine if an AP will occur
Know what Absolute & Relative refractory periods are, what causes them, and calculate AP Freq
- Absolute - due to voltage-gated sodium-channel's plug
- Relative - due to lower charge during hyperpolarization
- AP Freq - add given EPSP to membrane charge at different times (skip past absolute refractory period) and see if it reaches threshold. The time between 0ms and the next AP is the frequency
Saltatory conducion
- Know that saltatory conduction is due to myelin sheathing insulating axon
- Know that it increases the speed of AP conduction dramatically by:
  - increasing the speed of travel
  - increasing the distance each AP spreads
  - reducing the number of APs to only when needed
- Know that APs jump from node to node

Threshold Potential & Summation

Refractory Periods & AP frequency

Stop at min 19, (when it starts on math / calculating frequency). I no longer teach that. You can start again at 31:30 about the message, but we should cover that in class, and the flow won't make much sense. Please remind me to cover the absolute refractory period if I forget.

Saltatory Conduction

NS 3 Companion Questions

Learning Objectives

Be able to determine the normal flow of neural signaling
- base off of chem-gated ion-channel or ion flow, determine if EPSP or IPSP will occur
- If EPSP then: NT#1 $LaTeX: \longrightarrow$ EPSP $LaTeX: \longrightarrow$ AP $LaTeX: \longrightarrow$ NT#2 Release $LaTeX: \longrightarrow$ Synaptic Transmission
- If EPSP then: NT#1 $LaTeX: \longrightarrow$ IPSP ---| low AP $LaTeX: \longrightarrow$ low NT#2 Release $LaTeX: \longrightarrow$ Low Synaptic Transmission
Be able to predict the outcome of an intervention (drug) on neural signaling
- Determine affect on each step
Given a problem with signaling pathway, give a potential protein target that may be affected
Know the 2 most common neurotransmitter classes and the enzymes that degrade them
- I - Acetylcholine (ACh)
  - degraded by Acethylcholinesterase (AChase)
- II- Biogenic Amines: Histamine, Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepindephrine (NE), serotonin
  - degraded by monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Know what MAOI's and SSRI's do
- MAOIs inhibit MAO - therefore increase all amines (Histamine, Dopamine, Epinephrine, Norepindephrine (NE), serotonin)
- SSRIs inhibit serotonin reuptake - therefore increase serotonin

Drugs Predictions

Neurotransmitter Classes

Threshold / Summation / Refractory Periods / Saltatory Conduction

Reminder NO calculations for refractory period. You will have to do threshold

Drugs