Learning Objectives

Know the 4 major transportation points
- Ventilation - bulk movement of air
- Diffusion in the alveoli / blood
- Circulation - Bulk movement of blood
- Diffusion in the tissue / blood
Know the characteristics of epithelial cells and their functions
- Shape:
  - squamous (thin for echange or thin for layering protection)
  - cuboidal / columnar (unique)
- Layering
  - simple = 1 layer
  - stratified = many layers
  - psuedostratified - alternating cuboidal columnar (looks sort of startified)
Know the structures of the conducting zone and their functions (including cells)
Know the forces of ventilation
- negative pressure of pleural cavity - expansion
- elastic fibers of alveoli - shrinking
Know the factors affecting ventilan
1. Compliance (ie- volume)
  - Restrictive Disorders: muscle tissue damage → ↓compliance → ↓ventilation (volume)
  - Surface Tension (a little of both) → ↓compliance → ↓ventilation

1. Resistance (ie. rate)
  - obstructive Disorders (ie COPD): constriction of bronchioles → ↑resistance → ↓ventilation (rate)
Know the spirometric measurments
be able to calculate TMV and other lung volumes
Know what spirometric measurements may indicate
- decreased Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) & increased TLC or VC → COPD
- decreased TLC / VC → restrictive disorder
Know the factors affecting ventilation (CO₂, O₂, exercise)
know how respiration can cause acidosis or alkalosis
Know the major mechanisms of CO₂ & O₂ transport
know the factors affection oxygen loading / unloading of hemoglobin

Conducting Zones

Respiratory Zones

Ventilation

Spirometry

Note, there is a typo at the 11-11:20 mark. TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

residual volume (RV) and Vital Capacity (VC)

Transport

Ventilation Control